How to prevent an infectious disease?

Tara Hills

I need some points for my science report.



Streator

VaccinationGood hygieneStaying away from public places when sickLiving in warm, dry, clean houses that aren't overcrowdingGood diet/nutritionWell hydratedLow stress levelsHaving been exposed to bacteria/illnesses earlier in life (EG: Playing in mud, getting sick the year before etc)



Roland

preventing an infectious disease will depend upon the mode of transfer of the infection. some are transferred via air, saliva, coitus, secretions (blood, phlegm etc) some are transferred via skin to skin contact. prevention of infectious disease when not in outbreak, you have to keep yourself, your house and surroundings generally clean. Hygienic practices is also important. keeping your self well rested, drinking 8 or more glasses of water everyday, exercise, a well balanced diet and boosting your immune system is a must. Washing your hands is more important than using antiseptics. Avoiding sharing utensils like spoons, cups or anything that allows saliva transfer is a preventive measure. Kissing can also be a mean of transfer. Using condoms during sex, abstaining or limiting sexual partners will prevent STD. Avoiding contacts with secretions especially when you have skin breaks. covering your nose when in crowded areas. avoiding crowded areas if there is outbreak. Maintaining a stable emotion and psyche especially stress can also help you in preventing your immune sys. to weakened.



Pleasant Hill

Simple health precautions..like using an antiseptic hand wash, the one that requires No water. Spraying an antiseptic, such as Glen 20 around the house at least 4 times a day..Wiping all door knobs, light switches/power points (carefully) with antiseptic/disinfectant or bleech solution..including bathroom mtaps/kitchen taps, computers/keyboards/mouse..anything that is touched. Mop floors with a bleech solution and wipe over car door handles. steering wheels. etc. Simple precautions for a virus that is infectious, and more likely to be carried by touch than air.



Clinton

To prevent infectious disease: Some points for consideration. = Good Hygiene practices = Good house keeping practices =Good sanitary practices =Good personal hygiene practices =Good & healthy habits =Good & hygienic food eating practices =Good sleeping practices =Good food manufacturing practices =Good pest control practices =Good cleaning & sanitation practices =Good construction & drainage system =Good & hygienic mind =Possessing Sense of hygiene =Good food handling & preservation practices = Undergoing Periodical medical examinations =Good preventive practices and so on.....Ultimately prevention is better than cure.



South Dennis

You would need to both build-up your immune system and secondly, use products that place a protective barrier between you and pathogens. I did not have one person get the swine flu this past year who took elderberry defense, 1 teaspoon of Silver Shield twice daily and applied Silver Gel on hands which provides four hours of protection. http://www. cincynsp. com/?sn=868-5http://www. cincynsp. com/?sn=4274-1http://www. cincynsp. com/?sn=4950-1



Argentine

Low fat dietMore physical exercisesSafe sexNo smokingNo alcoholKeep appropriate weight for heightvaccinationchemo prophylaxisHygieneEarly detection of cases and early interventioncontrol some carrier animals

What infectious diseases does sickle cell anemia confer resistance to?

Turlock

and what possible advantage does this condition offer?



Miller Place

Are you kidding? Sickle cell anemia is just what it says, the Red blood cells are shaped like sickles. There is no advantage to this condition.



Elkton

People with sickle cells are resistant to malaria.



Willow Springs

The Recessive trait that creates Sickle Cell Anemia was an adaptation designed to give resistance to Malaria which attacks red Blood cells... if it became double recessive through breeding it's a somewhat serious disorder but if you're a carrier then it is quite helpful.



Arctic Village

Sickle cell anemia occurs when an abnormal form of hemoglobin (HbS) is produced. Such RBC can not host Malarial parasites.



Santa Cruz

Malaria

What are non infectious disease?

Auburn

The first link is for human non infectious disease the 2nd is for plants because I wasn't for sure what you where looking for, Hope this helps!



Oakland

They don't cause an infection.



Lanett

cancer - diabetes



Arnett

CADCancerALSgenetic based diseasesetc.



Plainview

Diseases you can't catch from someone, like cancer or MS or MD or CF.



Malta

Diseases that aren't contagious. Cancer is a good example.



Madisonville

HIVdiabeteshigh blood pressureany heart problems



Indian Falls

the don't cause a spreading virus/infectionlike canceror diabetesthose can only be transferred by genes



Early

Some people have a disease that is not an infection such as cancer or severe high blood pressure, heart disease. For example, I have a rare form of an eye disease Glaucoma which I inherited from my father and grandmother. These non infectious diseases are inherited and called Genetic! There are more but I just listed the major ones. I will add there are also some severe forms of Arthritis-especially osteo-arthritis that is a crippling disease. People inherit this gene. Bye....



Manhasset

Diseases that are not contagious through contact.

How to become an infectious diseases specialist?

Saunemin

First of all Im not a House freak ive been thinking about this alot even before house. Im in my 4th year of high school, good grades, I really like biology, and that is the path i wish to pursue. Could someone please tell me what do i hhave to do - what unis to get into, what grades to get and the like...btw im in hong kong



Caulksville

It starts with school period and getting good grades and understanding the work you do. Then move on to college. Once there study a laboratory science, Biology is great, Chemistry, Biochemete. Think about pharmacy, biomedical research, clinical trials, epidemiology, bio statistics, bioiinformatics etc. This involves a lot of # a lot of statistics also patient interaction and data collection. There are No schools that offer classes to become a specialist!! To achive your goal this is what has to be done.::::You have to graduate from high school and college with good grades, In College you have to graduate with a bachelors degree in anything (preferably biological science). Take the MCAT (Medical College Aptitude Test)and score very well enough to get into medical school(score 25 or better) 4 years medical school, when graduate from this you will be a MD. Then you Must apply to residency programs for postgraduate training. This is where a doctor decides What specialty they will practice. Have to take a 3 yr residency in internal medicine after this you need to apply to a fellowship program which is more training for subspecialty (infectious disease is a subspecialty of internal medicine) 1 yr of this. After all this you will be an infectious disease doctor. There are many medical schools and residency programs. Just focus on 1 step at a time. This is costly but there are federal loans for medical students that are easy to getOnce you start residency training you do recive a salary. Good Luck and you are going into a great medical feild.



Windsor

I'm sure germ guy will be happy to answer that for you. It will be important to forget "facts" you learned from the tv show House. I've caught the show in many inaccuracies and false information. I'm sure they have a medical consultant, but sometimes the facts don't make for an exciting storyline.

How will global warming and climate change promote the spread of infectious disease?

Orr

I think that global warming as it is describe doesn't exist, so no impact on diseases there. I do believe that CO2 is rising and will affect more people with lung problems, but nothing infectious. Climate change could lead to more infectious diseases as some countries will get colder weather and the immune system doesn't have what it takes yet to fight back flu or cold; some countries will get hotter, and, as well, people will not have the defences against viruses carried by mosquitoes an such. But with time, Nature will find a way to re-balance itself. Will we give it the time to do so? That is an other question...



University Gardens

Well if the planet's warmer more disease can survive. Many pathogens cannot survive in frigid temperatures, so with a warmer climate they will be able to thrive and infect people.

Gardiner i would like to know because...

Gardiner

i would like to know because I'm wanting to go into this field of medicine any help is appreciated how many year is required for this field compared to a family doctor



Lompoc

Depends on the locations and experience.............BUT ALOT!

What are examples of infectious disease and what is the definition of disease?

Blue Bell

i have a storybook i have to do for my science project. it is due tues. next week!!



Greenhorn

well there are many different infectious diseases in the world nd im not gunna do ur hw 4 u but i will list two. but u need to research them... lol enjoy this LONG list :) hope this helpedAnthrax : multiplication of Bacillus anthracis in the body. Bacterial meningitis : inflammation of the protective membranes of the central nervous system. Botulism : blockage of nerve function and respiratory as well as musculoskeletal paralysis. Brucellosis : entrance of Brucella bacteria by direct contact or untreated/contaminated milk of animals. Cholera : transmission of Vibrio cholerae by ingestion of contaminated food or water causes diarrheal disease. Diphtheria : upper respiratory tract illness having sore throat, low-grade fever and an adherent layer on the tonsils, nasal cavity, pharynx. Epidemic Typhus : caused by louse-borne bacteria. Gonorrhea : common sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrheae. Impetigo : superficial skin infection common in the age group of 2 to 6.Legionellosis : pneumonia or mild respiratory illness like acute influenza. Leprosy (Hansen's disease) : granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. Leptospirosis : biphasic disease with meningitis, liver damage and renal failure. Listeriosis : occurs in newborn infants, elderly people and immunocompromised patients. Lyme disease : rash and flu symptoms followed by musculoskeletal, psychiatric, neurologic, arthritic and cardiac manifestations. Melioidosis : caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is found in soil and water. MRSA infection : characterized by quick weight loss and muscle depletion. Nocardiosis : Nocardia asteroides or Nocardia brasiliensis affects either the lungs or the entire body. Pertussis (Whooping cough) : severe hacking cough followed by high intake of breath. Plague : occurs when person is bitten by an infected flea. Pneumococcal pneumonia : illness of the lungs and respiratory system where the alveoli are inflammed and filled with fluid. Psittacosis : contracted from parrots, pigeons, hens, ducks, sparrows and sea gulls. Q fever : due to inhalation of contaminated particles in the air or contact with the vaginal mucus, milk, feces, semen, urine of infected animals. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever : most severe rickettsial illness in the United States. Salmonellosis : causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and foodborne illness. Scarlet fever : infection may occur through bloodstream or skin and underlying tissues. Shigellosis : dysentery due to poor hygiene. Syphilis : sexually transmitted disease due to sexual contact or congenital mode. Tetanus : prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. Trachoma : infectious disease of human eye probably leading to blindness. Tuberculosis : generally attacks the lungs but may affect central nervous system, circulatory system, lymphatic system, bones, joints, genitourinary system and skin. Tularemia : heachache, fatigue, muscle pains, dizziness, nausea, loss of appetite, inflammation of face and eyes and lymph nodes. Typhoid fever : due to ingestion of food or water adulterated with feces of an infected person. Typhus : severe headache, sustained high fever, severe muscle pain, rash, cough, chills, stupor, decreasing blood pressure, delirium characterize it. Urinary tract infections : cystitis or pyelonephritis. Fungal infectious diseasesAspergillosis : allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or pulmonary aspergilloma or invasive aspergillosis. Blastomycosis : inhalation of fungus from the natural soil habitat. Candidiasis : found in exposed and moist parts of the body like the vagina, vulva, penis, foreskin, skin around nostrils, nostrils, ear, oral cavity, nipples, folds of skin in diaper area. Coccidioidomycosis : caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles called arthroconidia. Cryptococcosis : caused by inhalation of soil contaminated with the encapsulated yeast. Histoplasmosis : primarily affects the lungs. Tinea pedis : affects the epidermis of the foot. Chagas disease : transmitted to humans by blood-sucking assassin bugs. Clonorchiasis : caused by the Chinese liver fluke. Cryptosporidiosis : caused by contaminated material like earth, water, uncooked or cross-contaminated food in contact with the feces of an infected person or animal. Pediculosis : infestation of lice on the human body. Scabies : characterized by superficial burrows, secondary infection and intense itching. Schistosomiasis : due to infection of the blood with schistosome leading to weakness, liver and intestinal damage. Taeniasis : infection involving pork and beef tapeworms. Toxocariasis : caused by ingestion of dog or cat roundworm. Toxoplasmosis : due to ingestion of raw or partly cooked meat, contaminated cat feces, drinking water containing Toxoplasma, transplacental infection in utero or infected organ transplant or blood transfusion. Trichinellosis : caused by eating raw

How would an osteopath treat diabetes or other noninfectious diseases?

Stroudsburg

I've been reading the website of The British Institute of Osteopathy and I cannot find any reference to treatment of non-infectious diseases (i. e. those not caused by a bacteria, virus, protozoa, parasite, mould, fungus or yeast).I was always taught that the definition of 'disease' is 'any undesirable condition of the body or mind". I like this definition because it encompasses everything, from flu to schizophrenia to diabetes to cancer - or even just spots! It's also a definition which should satisfy both 'orthodox' and alternative medical definitions of 'disease'. From this all-encompassing definition of disease I then went on to study pathogenic/infectious disease i. e. those causes by pathogens which infect the body. From what I've read on this site it seems that if osteopaths understood the basic principles of 'orthodox' medicine they would find both theories actually pretty much agree. The British Institute of Osteopathy seems to think that 'orthodox' medicine is only concerned with eliminating pathogens. Obviously this is not the case; it is well understood that an optimally functioning human body and immune system is able to defend itself adequately against many invaders. Any medicinal approach has to be primarily concerned with keeping a body healthy/an environment clean so that it does not have to cleanse itself. But what about diseases, like diabetes, that are not infectious - how can osteopathy help? What is the osteopathic theory of how they develop? Chalice



White Mesa

They can't. Just to clarify, in the UK osteopaths' have a different role to US osteopaths' who are DOs. I am in the UK. Both Osteopathy and Chiropractic stemmed from the same occult philosophical woo roots, both believe that the body can heal itself with the manipulation of bones and joints. The osteo’s believe that moving bones improves circulation and that, "loss of structural integrity can be restored to harmony or equilibrium by manipulation". The chiro's believe that moving bones reduces pressure on the nerves, which helps various organs and tissue. Now to be fair, Osteopathy has left a lot of it's woo woo roots behind in recent years; but the problem is many Osteo's are germ theory denialists and believe that diseases are caused by misalignment's of the spine. Not only is this BS, viruses can sometimes "trigger" type 1 diabetes in someone who already has genetic tendencys. Their germ denialism contradicts well tested microbiology, histology, immunology and physiology. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. In order to develop it, the patient needs to have an inherited tenancy that is activated in some way by a viral trigger to switch on a progressive destruction of the bodies own ability to produce insulin. Antibodies are produced that are directed against both the insulin hormone and the pancreatic beta cells that produce and release insulin. Once these cells have been destroyed, insulin levels fall to such low levels that the patient develops diabetes. There is no way, osteopathy could prevent or treat this problem. With type 2 diabetes, most is age related, sometimes inherited, and often caused by "Western living" (that has a strong association with obesity, a poor diet and physical inactivity). Insulin levels are usually lower and most importantly, the patients tissues are resistant to the action of insulin (insulin resistance). There is no plausible way, osteopathy could prevent or treat this problem.======================================…@ Lightning: You said, "Having said that the germ theory is probably incomplete as being exposed to a germ does not guarentee that you will become ill where as someone standing next to you may become very sick with the same exposure even though both of you had never been exposed to the germ before."Only an unscientific mind would suggest that because not everyone who is exposed to the same germ gets sick, it must mean germs aren't the causes of disease. That’s a fallacy, sir. EXAMPLE:50 people (5 times over the limit) drink drive, only 20 of them have accidents, Therefore alcohol was not a factor in the other accidents. This does not follow, it does not mean that alcohol wasn't the cause of those accidents. It's the same with germs.. FAIL.======================================…lol Weise for BA.



Fate

I actually got this website from a link Dave provided in a previous question ;-)I'm glad to hear not all osteopaths the world over subscribe to the nonsense I read on this site!!I also this question was meant to be a bit of a sh*t stirrer - many intelligent answers tho, and interesting rants!! Report Abuse



Varna

What value do you get **** stirring? The nurses answer was rubbish BTW with a whole host of inaccuracies and a clear mis-understanding of cause and effect. Report Abuse



Saginaw

Such a sore loser lighty. Tsk tsk. Report Abuse



Taunton

No just stating the truth. Your answer is full of inacurate wibble. Report Abuse



Mount Airy

The British osteopaths seem to be germ theory denialists. Best to ridicule them at every opportunity. In the US, osteopaths are trained much like doctors and aren't nuts. Edit: Lightning, actually read the statement from the British osteopath organization. Anyone who denies germ theory is insane.



Rebersburg

I know not of the British Osteopath but in the US a DO would treat as "orthodox" medicine. in the US DOs have the same specialties as MDs. Mayo Clinic has DOs on staff as well as most ERs around the country. Same hospital privileges, etc., there is no apparent anamosity between MDs and DOs



Martinez

Incorrectly.



Lyons

Do you think that germs cause disease? The British Institute of Osteopathy disagrees: "Germs are made by your body in an effort to clear up a messy environment. Once this has been achieved they will automatically disappear again."http://www. british-institute-of-osteopat… I really don't recommend that site at all, it's very bizarre and much of the information is outdated and completely incorrect.



North Spearfish

###"Germs are made by your body in an effort to clear up a messy environment. Once this has been achieved they will automatically disappear again."I really don't recommend that site at all, it's very bizarre and much of the information is outdated and completely incorrect.####I couldn't agree more Dave. I'd never actually heard of the British institute of Osteopathy until you mentioned it in a previous question. I don't know anyone who is a member. Before regulation there were lots of societies and organisations which are now defunct with very few members if any. Institutions like this exist with a membership often composed mostly of non osteopaths although I haven't looked at this one so I couldn't comment. Having said that the germ theory is probably incomplete as being exposed to a germ does not guarentee that you will become ill where as someone standing next to you may become very sick with the same exposure even though both of you had never been exposed to the germ before. Moving on.....When osteopathy was founded what caused sickness wasn't well understood so differing theories were around. In the 50's because of major discoveries the Osteopathic syllabuses were revamped and some of the older treatments were dumped as the causative factors had been established and were systemic rather than musculoskeletal. For example Osteopaths were taught non surgical treatments for Apendicitis. We aren't anymore because a better treatment protocol has been established and attempting to treat apendicitis the traditional osteopathic way would be potentially dangerous and there is a good chance the patient would die. Some die hards hold on to the orignial teachings literally but they are very few in number. This is a dangerous position to be in and found in all walks of life. It assumes whoever founded whatever had all the answers. I know Andrew T. Still would not have claimed to have known everything but beside from that if you know it all you can't learn. If you can't learn anymore you are doomed. There are musculo-skeletal components to some illnesses. For example a cough or a cold may be eased a little by working on the thorax and diaphragm and the nasal complex. It wouldn't always be appropriate to treat. For example I sent a patient home a few months ago as touching him was like handling a hot water bottle. His body temperature was very high and there was a very good chance that treating him would have led to him having a stroke (he didn't come in complining of a cold I will add). He came back about a week later when his temperature had dropped. As for diabeties, we learn a lot about it as it is very common and affects every system in the body including the musculoskeletal system. Consequently it is important to establish whether or not the musculoskeletal symptoms people present with are actually musculoskeletal in origin. An Osteopath cannot directly treat diabeties. An Osteopath may well treat a patient with diabetes and may help blood supply to the tissues affected by diabeties but the underlying causative factor will remain. I would not expect a patient to present to my clinic asking me to treat their diabeties. If that did happen all I could do is give them some dietry advice. However Diabetics do hurt themselves and have musculoskeltal pain just like anyone else so I do see a lot of people with diabeties. If the diabeties isn't causing their musculoskeletal condition I usually do treat them although more cautiously than a non diabetic patient. I think many of the anti-osteopath bloggers would actually be surprised by how much we actually agree with the conventional medical world. Weise####The British osteopaths seem to be germ theory denialists. Best to ridicule them at every opportunity.###Not true. You have a real problem with getting your facts right. Denying germ theory is not a pre-requisit to practicing Osteopathy.###In the US, osteopaths are trained much like doctors and aren't nuts.###You've just earned a report. Edit2:###Lightning. If it's so medical and great why didn't you just become a doctor?###A few reasons angelhil. What I like most about my job is the specialism. We get very good at what we do but what we do is limited. I am not expected to be able to treat every condition known to man and have limitations. What I can't treat I don't attempt to and refer them on. As a medical physician you are almost expected to know and do everything. This isn't possible and I think why medicine fails so many people with chronic non life threatening conditions. I have also met many doctors over the years in my professional capacity, as a patient and as a layman and far too many of them have an attitude which is appaling. I didn't want to become like them. I could do a 3 year post grad degree in Checz Republic to convert my osteopathic degree to a medical degree but I have absolubtely no intention of doing so. I like what I do and how I practice & I like my relationship with my community too much to want to change it. Judging by my patient list they like it too.###They can't. Just to clarify, in the UK osteopaths' have a different role to US osteopaths' who are DOs.###Agreed. We practice real osteopathy. US osteopath are doctors pretending to be Osteopaths###I am in the UK. Both Osteopathy and Chiropractic stemmed from the same occult philosophical woo roots###Not sure about chiropractic but Osteopathy does not have occult roots at all. A.T. Still was a practicing methodist and would never have adopted technique based in occult philosophy.###Only an unscientific mind would suggest that because not everyone who is exposed to the same germ gets sick, it must mean germs aren't the causes of disease. That’s a fallacy, sir.###I would say only a reductionist, unscientific, blinkered mind would think like you do. There are millions of seeds in the ground in a farmers field. Some will grow after being there years because the conditions suddenly become right for them to burst forth and grow. Germs are likely to be a big part of the disease condition. They most certainly are not created inside us and having them in our bodies most certainly can lead to illness disease and even death but maybe the germ itself is not the whole answer. The conditions and its environment may also need to be correct for it to become active and propogate. If I'm wrong explain why 2 people exposed to the same germ won't both get the disease necessarily? If the germ is the only thing involved how can this happen? The theory of Diabeties being related to spinal segment dysfunction has been around for a while. It's total whack. However I am embarased to admit I have met Osteo's who beleive there is something in it. I don't know why as quite clearly diabetes doesn't go away when you manipulate those spinal segments. I have to clarify this is not taught in the syllabus of any of the colleges in the UK or Australiasia. It is however mentioned as a historical treatment protocol which we should no longer do. Type 1 theory is as rhianna suggests, Type 2, seems to be insulin resistance related as well as lower insulin related depending on the patient adiposite structure and function Some type 2 diabetics have higher secretions of insulin than non diabetics. Although I am sure compression of the spinal nerve roots does affect organs, more commonly the paravertebral tightening is a symptom of organ dysfunction rather than the cause of it. Consequently I am not sold on this theory as a healthy organ would still function and not fail to end up so dis-eased to cause diabeties from its nerve supply being pinched. When organs have no nerve supply at all, for example after an accident severing the spinal cord, they still function by means of hormone regulation and remain healthy (although their function is not optimum, I'm sure everyone would agree).####50 people (5 times over the limit) drink drive, only 20 of them have accidents, Therefore alcohol was not a factor in the other accidents. This does not follow, it does not mean that alcohol wasn't the cause of those accidents. It's the same with germs.. FAIL.####You've confirmed excatly what I am saying, although alcohol is a strong contributing factor which caused these 20 out of 50 to have accidents the environment is a factor in whether or not these people have accidents. Did they all drive home the same way? Were cars comming in the opposite direction for all of them? If so where some of these drivers sozzled as well and unable to get out of the way? Did they all turn corners? How far did they drive, was it all the same distance? Did some of them have more opportunities to have accidents because of additional hazzards as well as some of the things I've mentioned? You really need to look at your research methodology Rhianna. How did you get you MSc? I'm sure you would have done better than this. Edit:###@lightning. So when you gave me all that abuse saying "you're not a doctor!!" YOU'RE NOT A DOCTOR EITHER YOU FOOL!####I didn't give you abuse for not being a doctor I gave you abuse because you were being rude and ignorant and not showing appropriate respect. FYI, in NZ and Australia a registered Osteopath has the honorary title of Doctor. I am fully entitled to put this on my stationary, letter heads, bank statements etc. but I seldom use it at all because I don't like to be associated with medical physicians which has become the default occupation for the title 'Doctor'.In my opinion the only true holders of the title 'Doctor' are people that have been awarded PHD. Where is yours angelhil?



Brownsville

First, an osteopath in the UK is a DIPLOMAT of osteopathy, much like a chiropractor in the USA. Osteopathic physicians are DOCTORS of osteopathy in the USA and fully trained and licensed physicians and surgeons for over 100 years. An osteopathic tenant is that structure alters function and the rule of the artery from AT Still, MD, DO the founding father of osteopathy in the 1800's. Osteopaths would discuss lifestyle, including stress, eating habits, exercise and sleep patterns with their patient with diabetes mellitus. They would perform a comprehensive physical examination and work to normalize any abnormalities in the neuromusculoskeletal system. Such viscero somatic neural relexes my help to normalize or slow the diabetic condition and those related. I am unaware of any manual medicine studies that show they can normalize serium glucose levels or keep someone for needing exogenous insulin therapy. Sir William Osler said that a good doctor treats the disease but the great doctor treats the patient. Diabetes may be triggered by a virus or arise from an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks itself and may indeed be considered an infectious disorder. In any case, there is a place for such hands on, whole person healers along with the cutters and pill prescribers in the world. You may not limit yourself to one reference site for osteopathy and search the internet further. Wiki?